Research Progress on Multi-Hazard Disaster Mechanisms, Monitoring, Early Warning and Control in Underground Engineering
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54097/2g9xeh35Keywords:
Underground engineering, tunnel disaster, multi-hazard coupling, monitoring and early warning, grouting, digital twin, resilienceAbstract
Underground engineering is increasingly exposed to complex geological conditions, intensive urban constraints, and long service periods. Disasters rarely arise from a single defective component; they usually develop through interactions among geological uncertainty, excavation disturbance, groundwater migration, support response, construction organization, and delayed deterioration. This paper presents a critical review of the mechanisms, monitoring methods, and prevention strategies associated with major underground-engineering hazards, including collapse, water and mud inrush, squeezing deformation, rockburst, ground settlement, harmful-gas and fire events, and structural deterioration. A source–pathway–response framework is used to explain how local damage evolves into system-level failure and cascading consequences. Analytical, numerical, physical-model, field-monitoring, and data-driven approaches are compared with respect to applicability, interpretability, and uncertainty. The review shows that conventional single-index warning and static safety assessment are inadequate for rapidly changing ground conditions. More reliable practice requires multi-source geological prediction, continuous deformation and seepage sensing, physics-informed data fusion, and decision thresholds linked directly to construction actions. An integrated closed-loop framework is therefore proposed that connects investigation, scenario analysis, monitoring, diagnosis, adaptive control, emergency response, and post-event model updating. The principal research needs are uncertainty-aware prediction, transferable warning models, coupled multi-hazard simulation, resilient support systems, and life-cycle digital twins. The review provides a structured basis for transforming underground disaster control from isolated hazard treatment to adaptive, risk-informed, and resilience-oriented management.
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